When I spent the entire summer on the Yellowstone River, and often floated the Yellowstone and other rivers in my boat, when size and weight were not a major consideration, I used a very nice, but expensive, Fluke infrared digital thermometer. It was fun to use, and almost like shooting a handgun, to point it, pull the trigger, and instantly get a digital reading of the surface water temperature from virtually any place across the river. It was also surprising to see how much that temperature varied, some times as much as 5°-10°.
At home today I have a Thermapen One that I use to take water temperatures for making my coffee. It is almost instant, accurate, and waterproof according to the company, Thermoworks. It’s similar in appearance to the one @Vtsalmon mentioned previously. You could use this to get stream water temperatures near the surface, but they’re not going to give you accurate temperatures subsurface if that’s important to you.