Sure - trout can and do survive in habitats where their forage are not traditional aquatic insects.
Many streams - think infertile mountain brookie streams or acidic lakes in the Adirondacks - have very sparse insect life. The fish feed on other stuff. For an even more extreme example, consider some of the infertile, high elevation lakes out West. Some of these have very sparse macroinvertebrate life and fish feed during the summer almost entirely on terrestrial bugs carried great distances up the mountains by thermal currents.